State (1877), the Indiana court rejected a duty to retreat, saying, : 551–2 "the tendency of the American mind seems to be very strongly against" a duty to retreat. State (1876), the Supreme Court of Ohio wrote that a "true man", one without fault, would not retreat.
In other states, this has been accomplished by statute, such as that suggested by the Model Penal Code. Sometimes this has been the result of court rulings that one need not retreat in a place where one has a special right to be. jurisdictions have a stand-your-ground law or apply what is known as the castle doctrine, whereby a threatened person need not retreat within his or her own dwelling or place of work. Cuauhtemoc, Cuitlahuac’s successor as emperor, was taken prisoner and later executed, and Cortés became the ruler of vast Mexican empire.Most U.S. This victory marked the fall of the Aztec empire. In May 1521, Cortés returned to Tenochtitlan, and after a three-month siege the city fell. He was succeeded as emperor by his brother, Cuitlahuac.ĭuring the Spaniards’ retreat, they defeated a large Aztec army at Otumba and then rejoined their Tlaxcaltec allies. In the fighting that ensued, Montezuma was killed-in Aztec reports by the Spaniards, and in Spanish reports by an Aztec mob bitter at Montezuma’s subservience to Spanish rule. On June 30, under pressure and lacking food, Cortés and his men fled the capital at night. When he returned to Tenochtitlan in June, he found the garrison under siege from the Aztecs, who had rebelled after the subordinate that Cortés left in command of the city massacred several Aztec chiefs, and the population on the brink of revolt. In the spring of 1520, Cortés learned of the arrival of a Spanish force from Cuba, led by Panfilo Narvaez and sent by Velazquez to deprive Cortés of his command. Cortés led his army out of Tenochtitlan to meet them, leaving behind a garrison of 80 Spaniards and a few hundred Tlaxcaltecs to govern the city. Cortés defeated Narvaez and enlisted Narvaez’ army into his own. READ MORE: How Hernán Cortés Conquered the Aztec Empire His mistress, Marina, was a great help in this endeavor and succeeded in convincing Montezuma to cooperate fully.
The Spaniards were greeted with great honor, and Cortés seized the opportunity, taking Montezuma hostage so that he might govern the empire through him. Montezuma suspected them to be divine envoys of the god Quetzalcoatl, who was prophesied to return from the east in a “One Reed” year, which 1519 was on the Aztec calendar. On November 8, 1519, the Spaniards and their 1,000 Tlaxcaltec warriors were allowed to enter Tenochtitlan unopposed. Hearing of the approach of Cortes, with his frightful horses and sophisticated weapons, Montezuma II tried to buy him off, but Cortes would not be dissuaded. On the way to Tenochtitlan, he clashed with locals, but many of these peoples, including the nation of Tlaxcala, became his allies after learning of his plan to conquer their hated Aztec rulers. Having learned of political strife in the Aztec Empire, Cortés led his force into the Mexican interior. The expedition then proceeded up the Mexican coast, where Cortes founded Veracruz, mainly for the purpose of having himself elected captain general by the colony, thus shaking off the authority of Velazquez and making him responsible only to King Charles V of Spain.Īt Veracruz, Cortés trained his army and then burned his ships to ensure loyalty to his plans for conquest. She knew both Maya and Aztec and served as an interpreter.
There, he won over the locals and was given an enslaved woman, Malinche-baptized Marina-who later bore him a son. He visited the coast of Yucatan and in March 1519 landed at Tabasco in Mexico’s Bay of Campeche with 500 soldiers, 100 sailors, and 16 horses. Velazquez, the governor of Cuba, later rescinded the order, and Cortés sailed without permission. In 1518, he was appointed captain general of a new Spanish expedition to the American mainland. In 1511, he sailed with Diego Velazquez to conquer Cuba and twice was elected mayor of Santiago, the capital of Hispaniola. Meanwhile, Hernán Cortés, a young Spanish-born noble, came to Hispaniola in the West Indies in 1504. READ MORE: 8 Astonishing Ancient Sites in the Americas
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